By Anne Kirkman, 2026.
Bernard Henry Woodward, Museum Curator and early Harvey orchardist.[1]
B. H. Woodward, the Museum Curator, is one of the most picturesque figures in Perth and one of the most versatile. He is the cut of an artist, which he really is, being a first-class painter and sketcher. More-over he is a geologist, mineralogist, chemist, naturalist and half–a-dozen other –‘ists – what he doesn’t know about the sciences isn’t worth knowing. In addition to these he’s a good musician, speaks half-a-dozen languages and knows as much about fruit growing as any man in the state. Woodward is an Englishman and belongs to a well-known family of scientists.[2]
Bernard Henry Woodward came from a prominent family of scientists, the Woodwards of Norwich.[3] His grandfather Samuel Woodward rose from humble beginnings to become a distinguished naturalist and palaeontologist. Samuel Pickworth Woodward, a son of Samuel, was an esteemed geologist and natural historian at the British Museum, London.[4] His son, Bernard Henry, also a scientist, came to Western Australia where he was appointed as an assayer. He later became the Curator of the Perth Museum, leaving an indelible mark on the establishment. After Bernard’s retirement in 1915, he lived briefly at his orchard property in Harvey, until his death in 1916.
1846 – 1889 – IN ENGLAND
Evidence of Bernard’s early scientific career can be found in two articles published in the Intellectual Observer, a periodical devoted to Science – ‘Rambles in Cornwall for Minerals and Ferns’ in 1866[5], and in 1867 – ‘A Visit to Glen Cova – its Geological Ferns’.[6]
In 1872 Bernard became a Freemason in Enoch Lodge (No.11),[7] one of the oldest masonic institutions in London.[8] His membership recorded him as a wine merchant, with his place of residence as London. He was continuing to operate as a wine merchant when he married Emma Bertha Ayton in 1875,[9] but a year later the business ceased – ‘Partnerships Dissolved, Bernard Woodward and Co., Wine Merchants of Mark Lane in the city of London, has been dissolved.’ [10]
It is significant that some years later, Bernard established a vineyard in Western Australia.[11]
During the 1880s Bernard was Principal of Petherton Private Boys’ School in Islington, London.[12] Coincidently, two other family members, also teachers, lived close by. They were Bernard’s sister, Margaret Elizabeth Woodward, and their maternal aunt, Emily Teulon, the Principal of Petherton College, London.[13] In addition to Bernard’s teaching duties, he was the secretary of Highbury Microscopical and Scientific Society.[14]
1889 – IN AUSTRALIA: a dramatic life change.
Major gold discoveries and mineral deposits were being found in Western Australia in the mid-1880s, and someone with knowledge of mineralogy, chemistry and assaying was required.[15] Bernard met those requirements. Following the advice to live in a milder climate to improve his respiratory condition, he and his wife Emma left from London for Western Australia, arriving in September 1889.[16]
In Perth, Emma regularly accompanied her husband at the many social engagements and functions that were an integral part of his position. However, she returned permanently to England in 1896, where she resided with her brother-in-law, Francis Bayfield Woodward, then later lived with her niece and family. Census records indicate she was married and of private means. Emma Bertha Woodward died in 1942 aged ninety.[17]
1889 – PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
In the months following his arrival, Bernard regularly advertised his availability for assay testing:
BERNARD H. WOODWARD F.G.S.
MEMBER OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN, ASSAYER.
Samples of ore for assay for gold, silver, or other metals, coal, etc., to be sent to the
COURT HOTEL, PERTH, where full particulars can be obtained.[18]
His workplace was the former Perth Prison, (now part of the Western Australian Museum), where a well-equipped laboratory was housed, allowing him to carry out the required tasks of an assayer.[19] The chapel within the old prison[20] was being converted into a Geological Museum, where Bernard was given the task of tabulating and arranging material retrieved from the Swan River Mechanics’ Institute.[21] (The Swan River Mechanics’ Institute had been established in 1851, with Capt. John Septimus Roe, R.N. as its foundation President.[22])
The opening ceremony for the Museum was held in 1891, with many prominent Perth people in attendance:
The company having assembled, the Premier, Sir John Forrest, addressed those present and expressed the hope that the present collection would form the nucleus of a museum which would be a credit to the colony. He deplored the non-existence in Perth so far of an institution which would compare favorably with those established elsewhere and hoped that before long Perth would be able to boast of its well-kept parks, gardens, and museums. He then called upon His Excellency the Governor, whom they were glad to see present that day, to declare the museum open.
His Excellency prior to doing this delivered a happy speech, in which he specially referred to the Rev. C. G. Nicolay’s self-sacrificing and well-directed labour in the past. He pointed out how Western Australia was rapidly becoming a great gold-producing colony and was rich in minerals. During his first administration here, gold was stated to have been found at Kendenup, near Albany, and a large amount of money was spent in importing machinery and attempting to develop this mine, but without any very satisfactory result, although it was still believed that gold was there. He wore upon his finger a ring made from the gold extracted from the Kendenup mine, and he prized it highly, as it was the first gold ever extracted from a mine in Western Australia, which was now a country of great mineral possibilities. He had very much pleasure in attending that day and opening the Museum, which, he trusted would develop into a great and useful institution.
The Rev. C. G. Nicolay then read an interesting paper, giving an account of the origin and growth of the Museum and describing its most salient exhibits, and after a few formal speeches by the Curator and others the proceedings terminated, the ladies and gentlemen partaking of tea and light refreshments, on the invitation of Mr. Woodward, ere their departure.[23]
Interestingly, Bernard possessed a valuable mineral collection of his own, started by his father Samuel P. Woodward and expanded by himself. This collection, from all parts of the world, was later loaned to the museum.[24]
Bernard travelled extensively within the State and aside from visiting mine sites, he was able to find new material, specimens and minerals, for the burgeoning Geological Museum.[25] Bernard no doubt collaborated with his cousin, Harry Page Woodward, Government Geologist.[26] Harry did the geological inspection of the proposed coal mine at Collie, and Bernard analysed the material from the site.[27] Years later, after further analysis, the mine went ahead.
Under Bernard’s control, the Museum evolved, and along with geological material, it held plant and animal matter and its own art collection.[28] Bernard was able to secure Government assistance, and to interest several wealthy individuals in the institution, thus enlisting their financial support.
In 1895 he was officially appointed curator of the Geological Museum.[29] On 30 August 1895 Bernard Woodward wrote to Prof. Rupert Jones FRS, thanking him for his testimonial and telling the Professor that he had been appointed as Curator of the Geological Museum by a unanimous vote of the committee.
Letter to Professor Rupert Jones from Bernard Woodward. [30]
In the same year an extension was built onto the old Prison building, to cater for the ever-expanding collection.[31] The gradual expansion of the Museum increased its value both educationally and recreationally, thereby attracting community interest.[32]
In 1897 the museum reached a milestone, when it was renamed the West Australian Museum and Art Gallery, with Bernard Woodward Director of the Institution.[33] At this time, he resigned from the role of Government Assayer. [34] The galleries became separate entities in 1959.[35]
Complimentary remarks were made about the Museum by members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, with Professor Bolton declaring:
What impressed me most was the fact the museum was striking out on the most modern lines of arrangement and display and so comparing favourably with museums in America and Britain.
Sir Harry R. Reichel, M.A., L.L.D., Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales, wrote – ‘I am fairly astonished at all that has been accomplished with such slender resources.’[36]
The 24 July 1901 was a grand day for the people of Perth when the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York visited the city. Their itinerary included His Royal Highness laying the foundation stone of the planned extension of the Museum, that would house the expanding art collection.[37] After the ceremony, a guided tour of the Museum and Art Gallery was conducted by the curator. Throughout the tour, His Royal Highness, a keen admirer of art, chatted about the galleries at Windsor.
Interesting to note, Bernard’s uncle, Bernard Bolingbroke Woodward, was the Librarian and Keeper of the Royal Prints and Drawings at Windsor during Queen Victoria’s reign.[38] Before the departure of their Royal Highnesses, Bernard presented them with an elegantly bound book on Australian natural history.[39]
Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York outside the Museum of Perth, Western Australia, 1901.[40]
The planned Museum extension was delayed, due to government constraints. Six years on, the build began and was officially opened in 1908, by the WA Governor Sir Frederick Bedford.[41] On the opening day, a cablegram was sent by His Excellency the Governor to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales – ‘Have opened Art Gallery today; general satisfaction is felt at completion of building of which Your Royal Highness laid foundation stone – Governor.’
A reply was received from H.R.H. the Prince of Wales – ‘Heartily congratulate Perth on completion and opening Art Gallery – George, P.’ [42]
Letter to Mr Fletcher from Bernard Woodward. [43]
On 23 February 1908, Bernard Woodward wrote to Mr Fletcher, saying, ‘At present I am greatly occupied in preparing for the opening of our new Art Gallery, a wing containing two floors 150 x 38 ft.’
The educational value and arrangement of the Art Gallery was acknowledged by Dr. Thomas Ashby, Director of the British School of Art in Rome, who wrote after his visit to Perth in 1914:
I think the Perth Art Gallery is better arranged from a student’s point of view than any I have seen in Australia. The order of the pictures is chronological and affords a survey of the development of art. There are representatives of the work of some of the best British artists of the eighteenth century, which give a very good idea of their style and such specimens I did not observe in any of the other galleries. The black and white drawings are interesting from the same point of view and I certainly think the educational value of the whole collection is very considerable and represents a great deal more than has been spent on it.[44]
Bernard wrote many papers for scientific journals and regularly lectured on all manner of subjects.[45] A catalogue of the museums’ acquisitions demonstrated the curator’s extensive knowledge and was very well received:
This is not an ordinary catalogue or guide that is usually understood, but a work worthy of the committee and in particular of Mr. B. H. Woodward, F.G.S., who has taken his own course with the result he has supplied a most interesting work, giving in the main and in order the principal contents of a most interesting museum. It is virtually a complete synopsis of science and art up to date and gives the result of years of deep study.[46]
He was often asked when the museum would be complete and he replied, ‘Never, a museum could never be complete.’[47]
1889 -WEST AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY OF ARTS
Bernard, a passionate amateur artist, established the Wilgie Sketching Club in 1889 to support other amateur artists in the colony.[48] Notable members included Lady Forrest, herself a competent artist, and Herbert Gibbs,[49] a talented painter and water colourist, and his daughter, May Gibbs, an emerging young artist, with her talents being recognised:
The special prize presented by Mr B.H. Woodward for a study of West Australian wild flowers in oils was won by Miss May Gibbs.[50]
May went on to become a well-known author and illustrator of Australian children’s books. She had lived in Harvey for two years with her family. In 1890 the Sketching Club held its first exhibition, which featured works by leading residents of Perth, alongside a collection from London. Many of these sketches were by pioneering artists who had exhibited in the Royal Academy of Arts and the Paris Salon. Worthy of mention were artworks received from Bernard’s cousins, Katherine E. Woodward, Ellen C. Woodward and Mary L. Woodward. Back in England, the sisters were known to those who frequented the art galleries of London.[51]
The Club later merged to become the West Australian Society of Arts, the first president was Bernard Woodward.[52]
1890 – WEST AUSTRALIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
With the formation of the Society in 1890, Bernard, a passionate natural historian, hoped to engage people’s interest in the environment and encourage conservation.[53] The appointed President was Sir John Forrest.[54] Unfortunately, the Society only operated for a few years when it had to close, due to its limited capacity to support the needs of members.[55] Prior to the Society’s demise, management and committee members petitioned the Government to set aside 160,000 acres in the Darling Range, for the preservation of the Indigenous fauna and flora.[56] Regrettably, this was deemed unnecessary, and in 1902 the land was made available for selection, leaving only a small portion as a reserve. The Commissioner of Crown Lands and Minister of Mines, Mr Marmion, unofficially named the reserve ‘Woodward Park’.[57]
The West Australian Natural History Society was re-formed in 1904, and incorporated the Mueller Botanic Society. Woodward was the President from 1905-1906.[58]
In the scientific world, Bernard was instrumental in having many species named in his honour e.g. Eucalyptus woodwardii, a native tree and Amytornis woodwardi, a bird.[59]
HIS PRIVATE LIFE
Bernard’s cousin, Elizabeth Ann Bayfield, came to Western Australia in 1895.[60] She arrived in time to assist Bernard with the displays for an upcoming function to be held at the Museum. Included were the Indian dresses which she may have acquired in Colombo, her place of departure.[61] Elizabeth was a teacher and became acquainted with another teacher, Amy Jane Best, a pioneer educationalist in Western Australia. Amy was the founder of ‘Miss Best’s Central High School for Girls’, in Perth.[62] Elizabeth and Bernard were often examiners at the school, with Bernard commending the school on its engaging methods in teaching botany.[63]
Bernard’s role involved frequent participation in social gatherings, and on those occasions, Elizabeth often accompanied him. When seeking respite, they would visit ‘Naranjal’, in Harvey, where they lived after his retirement.[64] In 1921 Elizabeth left for Norwich, England, to be with her sister Fanny Bayfield.[65] Fanny, an accomplished water colourist, had donated some of her works to the Art Gallery of Perth.[66]
Bernard’s home ‘Nardie,’ was located on Suburban Road (now Mill Point Road) in South Perth,[67] an idyllic progressive suburb that offered, for leisure, the Zoological Gardens and golf links .[68].As Director of the Museum and Art Gallery, articles related to his work were regularly published in the newspapers, but one week he made the gossip column in ‘Peeps at People’, where it was noted that ‘After the Zoo and golf links, the most sensational sight at South Perth is Museum Curator Woodward being taken for a walk by his bulldog.’[69]
As a pet owner, it’s not surprising he was a patron of the S.P.C.A (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.)[70]
Bernard joined the local South Perth Horticultural Society and along with his cousin Elizabeth, were often recipients of prizes at the Society’s annual exhibitions.[71]
1892 – VITICULTURE and HORTICULTURE
Bernard’s active interest in viticulture and horticulture led into a partnership with his cousin, Harry Page Woodward. Harry and two other gentlemen managed the ‘Coorinja Vineyard’, located in the Toodyay valley. [72]
After this partnership dissolved in 1892, Bernard entered into another partnership of the same property.[73] The vineyard consisted of 32 acres of vines and eight hundred fruit trees that were planted in 1889.[74] Significant investments were made at ‘Coorinja’[75] and over time the vineyard became a successful highly rated winery,[76] that still operates today.
Whilst on a visit to Toodyay in 1895, Mr. Despeissis, viticultural lecturer, commented on the progress at ‘Coorinja’:
Mr B. H Woodward and his coadjutors at ‘Coorinja’ have alone done wonders and these are the class of men that we may well wish to see devoting their energies, knowledge and money to the work of vine culture and wine making. Unscientific and crude processes have allowed to usurp the places of science and practical effort and the work that has been accomplished at ‘Coorinja’ within the last two years should be an example to many others.[77]
Not only was he a vineyard proprietor, but also President of the Toodyay Vine and Fruit Growers Association, [78] the first to be formed in the State.[79] He inaugurated the first ever pruning contest and although the Association members were sceptical of its worth, the first contest went ahead. The contest proved to be a very successful event that paved the way for future contests.[80]
According to the current owner of Woodward’s property, the Camphor laurel trees along Korijekup Avenue near the Fourth Street corner (pictured at top) were planted by Mr Woodward in 1901 on the Federation of Australia. Some of the bird specimens which were in the Perth Museum were obtained from his property in Harvey. Credit: Memories of Harvey Facebook.
1915 – RETIREMENT
In 1915, Bernard took long service leave, which was followed by his retirement one year later. His contributions were acknowledged in the following statement:
His total service in the interests of the Museum extended over a period of twenty-five years. The trustees desire to emphasise the good work which he performed during his long connection with the institution and hope that he will have many years of well-earned rest before him.[81]
Some years prior, Bernard had selected land at the newly developing fruit settlement of Korijekup in Harvey. As an absentee owner, he would have had his block cleared and cultivated by local contractors, then appointed a manager to oversee the property. The block, situated on the corner of Korijekup Avenue and Fourth Street, was said to be one of the choicest blocks on the estate.[82] Orange, mandarin and lemon trees were planted on the block, and in subsequent years yielded quality fruit. Bernard was awarded the blue card of honour for two varieties of oranges at the 1911 Harvey Citrus Show.[83] The first Show was held in 1905 and became an annual event in the district.[84] As a keen fruit grower, Bernard was a patron of the Show.
Upon his retirement, a farewell dinner was organised for both Bernard and Elizabeth, held at the Savoy Hotel, in Perth.[85] The hotel, built in the Federation Queen Ann style, was said to be the best hotel in the Commonwealth.[86] Not long after their farewell, Bernard and Elizabeth moved to ‘Naranjal’, his orchard property in Harvey.[87]
[After Bernard and Elizabeth left their South Perth home ‘Nardi’, Thomas J. Lawlor and his family occupied the house.[88] Thomas was a Musical Director who arranged and directed the orchestra that accompanied the films held at Spencer’s Theatre Royal in Hay Street, Perth.[89]]
Sadly, Bernard’s retirement years were short, and he passed away at his property on 10 October, 1916. As a mark of respect, the Museum and Art Gallery closed on the afternoon of the following day.[90]
Bernard’s friend, George Temple Poole, Colonial Architect of Western Australia, summed up Bernard’s contribution to W.A.:
In seclusion of the citrus groves of ‘Naranjal’, Mr. Woodward may in self-approving conscious, take satisfaction that his services have been great and that they merit the gratitude of the people of Western Australia.[91]
The executors of Bernard’s Will were George Thomas Temple Poole, Colonial Architect of Perth, and cousin, Elizabeth Ann Bayfield of Harvey. Elizabeth was the sole recipient of his estate and effects.[92]
In April 1920 the furniture and effects at ‘Naranjal’ were sold by auction, at Mr. A. F. Snell’s ‘Devonia Orchard’, in Harvey.[93] In August 1920 the furniture and effects at the Perth property, ‘Nardi’, were, also sold by auction.[94]
Elizabeth returned to England aboard the Demosthenes, arriving there in June 1921.[95]
Bernard Woodward was buried at the Harvey Cemetery, and it is regrettable that a headstone was not erected, considering Bernard, for many years, was Director of the Perth Museum and Art Gallery, and contributed significantly to the educational and artistic advancement of the State.[96]
Woodward Street in Harvey was named in honour of Bernard Henry Woodward.
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Appendix
F.G.S. – Fellow of the Geological Society. Member of the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain.[97]
1893 – Appointed Inspector of Mineral Oils.[98]
1893 – F.I.I., Elected in 1893, Fellow of the Imperial Institute. A prestigious title awarded by the Royal Society of London. Signifies excellence in science.[99]
1896 – Appointed Assistant Examiner in Patents, related to chemical compounds, medical preparations and the recovery of precious metals.[100]
1904 – C.M.Z.S., Companion of the Zoology Society of London. Elected in 1904, Fellow of the Zoological Society of London.[101]
Glossary
‘Coorinja’ – Aboriginal, place of the seven springs.
‘Korijekup’ – Aboriginal, the place of the Red-Tailed Black Cockatoo.
‘Naranjal’ – Spanish for orange grove.
‘Nardie’ means riverbank by Noongar people of Toodyay. Also ‘Nardie,’ Hebrew – to be like a flowering plant.
‘Wilgie’ – Aboriginal, red ochre.
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[1] http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2682882498
[2] Sunday Times, 10 January 1904, p. 8.
[3] Daily Telegraph (London), 8 September 1921, p. 12.
[4] Bury Norwich Post, 25 July 1865, p. 8.
[5] Devon Exeter Gazette, 9 March 1866, p. 3.
[6] Courier Argus, 12 August 1867, p. 2.
[7] Ancestry.com – Society and employment directories.
[8] The Era (London), 22 May 1870, p. 4.
[9] Ancestry.com – London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754 – 1940.
[10] Morning Post, 26 August 1876, p. 7.
[11] Central Districts Advertiser and Agriculture and Mining Journal, 1 December 1894, p. 2.
[12] Gazette, 1 August 1881.
[13] Ancestry.com – Electoral Register
[14] Islington Gazette, 24 January 1881.
[15] West Australian, 10 July 1916, p. 4.
[16] Inquirer and Commercial News, 13 September 1889, p. 2.
[17] Ancestry.com
[18] West Australian, 2 January 1890, p. 2.
[19] West Australian, 13 November 1893, p. 6.
[20] West Australian, 10 September 1891, p. 4.
[21] West Australian, 10 July 1916, p. 4.
[22] West Australian, 13 January 1951, p. 22.
[23] Daily News, 10 September 1891, p. 3.
[24] Western Mail, 5 May 1894, p. 11.
[25] West Australian, 10 July 1916, p. 4.
[26] Coolgardie Miner, 7 January 1896, p. 5.
[27] West Australian, 24 April 1891, p. 3.
[28] Inquirer and Commercial News, 18 September 1896, p. 12.
[29] West Australian, 30 August 1895, p. 4.
[30] https://nla.gov.au:443/nla.obj-1546957229.
[31] Western Mail, 2 August 1895, p. 20.
[32] Daily News, 24 November 1905, p. 3.
[33] West Australian, 10 July 1916, p. 4.
[34] Inquirer and Commercial News, 28 May 1897, p. 4.
[36] West Australian, 10 July 1916, p. 4
[37] West Australian, 1 July 1916, p. 4.
[38] Bury and Norwich Post, 19 October 1869, p. 7.
[39] Western Mail, 27 July 1901, p. 5.
[40] National Archies of Australia, A1721, 41 Photo, Item ID 4240053.
[41] Western Mail, 27 June 1908, p. 5.
[42] Daily News, 26 June 1908, p. 4.
[43] http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2756656439
[44] West Australian, 10 July 1916, p. 4.
[45] West Australian, 15 May 1905, p. 2.
[46] West Australian, 10 July 1916, p. 4.
[47] Western Mail, 15 May 1905, p. 2.
[48] West Australian, 11 December 1889, p. 3.
[49]W.A. Bulletin, 24 May 1890, p. 6.
[50] West Australian, 6 October 1893, p. 6.
[51] W.A. Bulletin, 24 May 1890, p. 6.
[52] West Australian, 20 March 1896, p. 4.
[53] West Australian, 10 September 1890, p. 3.
[54] West Australian, 8 October 1890, p. 3.
[55] Western Mail, 9 May 1903, p. 14
[56] West Australian 10 July 1916, p. 4.
[57] West Australian, 4 May 1903, p. 6.
[58] https://www.rswa.org.au/about-us/past-presidents
[59] Western Mail, 18 September 1909, p. 5.
[60] West Australian, 12 July 1895, p. 4.
[61] Western Mail, 2 August 1895, p. 20.
[62] Mirror, 3 April 1908, p. 5.
[63] West Australian, 2 September 1905, p. 6.
[64] Daily News, 13 January 1910, p. 4.
[65] Ancestry.com
[66] Western Mail, 5 November 1897, p. 7.
[67] Ancestry. Com, Australian Voters List
[68] Daily News, 2 July 1903, p. 4.
[69] Sunday Times, 17 August 1913, p. 17.
[70] Western Mail, 11 November 1902, p. 26.
[71] West Australian, 1 November 1900, p. 6.
[72] Daily News, 19 July 1892, p. 3.
[73] W. A. Record, 6 July 1893, p. 9.
[74] The Inquirer and Commercial News ,10 August 1894, p. 6.
[75] Western Mail, 25 February 1898, p. 6.
[76] West Australian, 21 September 1897, p. 6.
[77]Eastern Districts Chronicle, 23 February 1895, p. 4.
[78] Western Mail, 18 March 1893, p. 31.
[79] West Australian,10 July 1916, p. 4.
[80] Inquirer and Commercial News, 22 June 1894, p. 20.
[81] West Australian, 16 October 1915, p. 8.
[82] Southern Times, 22 December 1898, p. 3.
[83] West Australian, 18 August 1911, p. 4.
[84](Western Mail, 26 August 1905, p. 11.
[85] Daily News, 12 April 1915, p. 3.
[86] Daily News, 1 October 1915, p. 17.
[87] Sunday Times, 9 May 1915, p. 20.
[88] Sunday Times, 9 May 1915, p. 20.
[89] Daily News, 19 June 1914, p. 6.
[90] West Australian, 11 October 1916, p. 9.
[91] West Australian, 10 July 1916, p. 4
[92] Ancestry.com – Australia, Records of Grants of Probate, 1832 – 1947.
[93] Bunbury Herald and Blackwood Express, 30 April 1920, p. 4.
[94] Western Australian, 28 August 1920, p. 2.
[95] Ancestry.com – UK and Ireland, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878 – 1960.
[96] West Australian, 11 October 1916, p .9.
[97] West Australian Bulletin, 11 January 1890, p. 4.
[98] West Australian, 10 July 1916, p. 4.
[99] West Australian, 12 September 1893, p. 4.
[100]West Australian, 10 July 1916, p. 4.
[101] The Times (London), 22 January 1904, p. 4.