© Thelma Kemp nee Forrest, November 2025.
It has often been said that we are all, in part, the sum of our forefathers for our cultural beliefs and memories. The Craigie family who arrived in Australia in the mid-1800s had their roots in a multicultural European gene pool.
Memories of Mary and Jean Craigie, offspring of Emma Berthoud and Francis Craigie
Emma Berthoud and family
Felicien Berthoud arrived in Port Melbourne with his wife, Helene and their daughter Emma on the Queen of the East in 1854. They had immigrated from the Canton of Neuchatel, Switzerland and eventually settled at Runnymede on a farm in Central Victoria. Emma’s brother, George who was born in Victoria, was a well-known inventor, horticulturalist and entomologist and had considerable influence on the family.
Francis Craigie and family
Francis Craigie arrived into Port Melbourne on the Rob Roy in 1853. He too, eventually settled in Runnymede and began farming. Emma Berthoud and Francis Craigie were married in 1867 and had nine children. Francis wanted more land and successfully applied for land under the conditional purchase scheme at Waterloo in WA.
Franics, Emma and their family arrived at the port of Bunbury on the Albany in July 1889 and were early settlers at Waterloo. Francis died six years after arriving in the Colony in 1895. However, the Waterloo farm, ‘Craigie Lea’ prospered under the management of the three youngest male siblings, Frank, George and Bob trading as Craigie Bros.
Frank Craigie (son of Francis and Emma Criagie) and his wife, Daisy McKay
In 1914 Frank married Daisy McKay, daughter of William and Amelia McKay of Serpentine. William’s father had been a baker in Edinburgh, arriving as a convict in WA on the Runnymede in 1856. Amelia’s maternal family, the Martins, had been yeomen from Sussex, arriving in Fremantle in August 1842 on the Simon Talyor.
Emma Craigie, the matriarch had died in 1921. By 1928 the brother’s partnership dissolved and the Waterloo farm sold. This left Frank, his wife and their six children in need of another farm.
At that point Frank and Daisy had six children: William (Bill) born 1915; Amelia (Millie) born 1916; Mary born 1918; Andrew Leslie Raymond (Les) born 1919; Dorothy Emma (Dot) born 1921; Violet Jean (Jean) born 1923 and sadly their seventh child, Ernest, died in 1927 aged 5 months from a congenital heart condition.
‘Myrtle Hill’
The new property was chosen and purchased from James Clarke. The move was made on 12 February 1928 with the family and their belongings on a new Chev 4 truck and a sulky pulled by a frisky little horse called Tiny.
Craigie children from left – Jean, Dot, Les, Mary, Millie and Bill, circa 1927. Photo: © Thelma Kemp
It was a good-sized farm on both sides of The South Western Highway with Weeks Brook running through the property all year round. The old 100-mile road peg from Perth was adjacent to the milking shed. Their new farm was known as ‘Myrtle Hill’ a name chosen by the previous owner. Mary recalled myrtle plants still growing near the entrance. The Depression came in the early thirties causing hardship to many. Despite adopting various economic measures, including the sale of a stand of pine trees, it was necessary to sell the land on the eastern side of the highway which left Frank 99 acres to farm.
The land was good although with some gravel. There was an orchard with large fruit trees (stone fruit, apples, guava and pears) in the grazing paddocks. Since planting, improved varieties had become available. The family referred to the pears as ‘Rot Gut’ pears as they had to be picked and cooked before ripening because of the tendency to have brown centres. There were two wells with troughs but required hand pumping. The operator must work hard to keep supply up to mob of thirsty cows. In later years, Mary was gifted some money from her aunt Mabel Craigie, wife of Frank’s bother, Jack. With the money they purchased a windmill and an improved trough. The creek was always a backup supply for both stock and the house.
South Western Highway looking towards Harvey from ’Myrtle Hill‘, 1928-30. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
The house was made of various materials and stepped down to the gradient of the land. The west wall had tree slabs up to 400-500 cms wide, interspersed with lathe and plaster filling the gaps making up one side of the girls’ room. The remaining wall that made up the boys’ room, pantry and basic bathroom was lathe and plaster and some weatherboards – it was a hodge podge. The other external bathroom walls were weatherboards. Originally there was a tin bath, a bench with an enamel wash basin and no running water.
The front room was the largest in the house with a pressed tin ceiling and a large open fireplace at one end. It was used for general living which included sewing at night, embroidery by Tilly lamps, sing-alongs and to accommodate large gathering at mealtimes. White ants were a problem and parts of the house were replaced with boards over the years. Weatherboards were used for adding the kitchen and an additional bedroom at the front.
The kitchen housed Daisy’s pride and joy – the big ‘Number Four Meters’ Stove. Frank had inserted a half glass windscreen from an old truck into the chimney brickwork for extra light. The oven doors opened like house doors. The left oven was sacred to the bread baking. All other cooking was done in the other oven. On the stove top sat cast iron kettle and a large cast iron urn with a tap for continual hot water supply. Glass marbles were kept in the kettle and urn to prevent the build-up of sediment inside. (Those marbles were disastrous to the TB Herd Tester’s glass testing tubes when he went to clean them in his spinner. Some marbles went into the container with the hot water without his knowledge and shattered his test tubes.
‘Myrle Hill’ homestead after some additions, 1930s. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
Everyday day meals were eaten there. The front and back verandahs were also used for meals, weather dependent, as well outside under a very large ornamental plum tree. There were a number of bush timber trestles or benches. A rainwater tank was accessed near the kitchen door. Originally there was a very high tank stand, again made of bush poles surrounded by creepers. The tank rusted then collapsed, the stand was removed much later due to white ant damage. Near the tank stand there was a cellar but that was not in use for long after moving to the farm.
The wash house was typical of its day, a copper (cauldron) sat in a brick structure that had provision for a fire to be lit under it. Most items to be washed were boiled starting with the whites, then some colours, ending with work clothes. Sunlight bar soap was used. This product came in a bar with score marks to break off a hand sized bar. It was shaved into the copper water or boiled with water on the stove into a jelly as a bulk supply, then added to the copper water. After boiling, the clothes were rinsed in large oval tin tubs then again in another tub. The whites had Rickets Blue in this last rinse. The clothes were rung out by hand between and after the final rinse. Items not boiled were washed on a scrubbing board. This was a panel of thick corrugated glass set in a wooden frame with a ledge to store the bar of soap. The items were rubbed on the rough glass surface then rinsed as above. The washing was then hung on a clothesline with wooden pegs often referred to as Dolly Pegs. Before the first use the pegs were boiled in water to temper the wood and to prevent splitting. The clothesline was a wire strung between two bush poles with a central stick or prop. When all the washing filled the line, the prop was used to gain more height to facilitate any breeze to quicken drying.
In the early days there was no running water to the wash house. All the water was carried up a steep incline from the brook or creek in homemade buckets, usually two at a time. These were empty kerosene tins, the top cut out, sharp edges beaten over and a wire carry handle attached. It was a laborious procedure. Years later, cold water was laid on and a cement wash trough was purchased. One side of the trough for washing, the second for rinsing but the washing still wrung out by hand.
As time went on, a ‘wringer’ was attached between the two sections of the trough. When a handle was turned, the rollers also turned around and as the clothes were fed between the two rollers of the wringer, the water was squeezed out.
Once dry, the ironing began. A series of flat irons was placed on top of a hot stove to heat, and a blanket covered by a cloth was put on the table. The ironing began after ensuring the flat iron was hot and clean. The heat was tested by licking a finger and quickly tapping it on the flat surface. It was meant to give a little sizzle. The iron was rubbed on a clean cloth to remove debris from the stove top, then rubbed on beeswax wrapped in a cloth to facilitate a smother ironing motion. Speed was essential before the iron got too cold to be of any use. Most items were ironed and a lot were starched – both cold starch and hot starch methods were used.
The cow shed was a wooden building with a concrete floor, with several bails for the cows to be milked by hand, complete with stool and bucket for the milker. Frank was the chief milker, but the children all had to learn when they were old enough. Mary was very much an outdoors person and from the day of the move, she learnt and enjoyed milking and had the best record for numbers milked after her dad. There was a copper to heat water in what was later to become the engine room. A room at the opposite end had the Alpha Laval Separator. Some milk was separated. The cream sent away and some used for household cream and butter. The bulk was sent to Sunny West Dairy in Harvey and collected by the milk truck. The heavy cans usually needed two people to lift them from the trolley to the raised collection platform which was the height to the milk truck’s tray. Later a MacDonalds milking machine was installed. As it was less labour intensive, more tasks could be carried out while machine milking several cows, and herds size could be increased.
The skim or separated milk was carried down the hill to the pig sty and tipped into a hollowed-out tree log that functioned as a feed trough.
The dairy was a wooden structure totally covered by a potato creeper. It had to be trimmed regularly around the door and small window. The floor was concrete with shelves on the surrounding walls. It was always damp and cool and a haven on a hot day. Butter was made from cream with a Cherry & Sons Butter Churn in this room and it was a storeroom for any food requiring a cool area. The structure had a list and eventually collapsed, the vine no longer able to keep it steady.
School Days. All the children attended the Cookernup school. The teacher for Mary was a former Methodist minister, Albert Oliver Valentine Knight (AOVK). Mary said he was a very kind man and understood the children’s situation. They all had to work, often hard work, before and after school. Some were not adequately nourished and would fall asleep in class and many did not achieve the academic level expected.
The older Craigie children would milk cows until it was time to leave for school. They would have a quick wash, Daisy would give them some food in their hands and they would hurry off to catch up with the younger ones that had set off earlier. That was across country, though a neighbour’s land. They would have to take off their shoes and socks, when they had any, and walk through the swampy patches for the three miles to the school. This was done in reverse at the end of the day. Lunch was bread and jam wrapped in the same cloth that lasted for the week. Mary hated those cloths at the end of the week.
Mrs Jackson, a local mother, took the girls for sewing lessons.
Jean was five years younger than Mary. Her teacher was Mr Jennings. She had to walk to school initially, but later funds were available to buy a bicycle for her.
The Depression and years of hard times and self-sufficiency. Generally, children on farms fared better than some of their city cousins. The land could produce for them. Milk, butter and cream were a given. Jam was made from their fruit trees, but money was required for the sugar.
Vegetables could be grown aplenty, and nothing was wasted. The toilet was a distance away from the house. With a large family there was plenty of organic material! For pumpkins and melons, a large hole would be dug. The sanitary pan emptied into the hole then covered with sand and repeated until the hole was filled. The seeds would be planted into the layer of topsoil.
Potatoes were grown using cow/horse manure. Another fertilizer was liquid manure made from both cow, horse, and poultry manure. The solids were put into a bucket of water, stirred, then stored away from human noses to cure for a couple of weeks. It was then diluted and tipped around vegetables.
Frank’s maternal uncle was George Berthoud who was a prominent horticulturalist living at Hamel. He had new varieties of seeds, plants and bulbs. As a result, good grape vine and plant stock was available. Daisy also gained a wide variety for her flower garden over the years.
There was a small vineyard in the poultry run. Daisy has both ’Rhode Island Red’ and ‘Black Orpington’ hens, roosters, and ducks. The boss of the walk were the turkeys and the noisy turkey gobbler.
The eggs and meat from these birds were inadequate amounts of protein for a large family. The eldest child, Bill, was an excellent shot with his rifle. He would go up into the hills to hunt a kangaroo just taking one shot with him. He always seemed to manage to bring some game home on his shoulders. The older girls would see him coming home and hurry to help him carry the carcase home. There were many innovative ways to cook kangaroo, from mince to roasts usually with lots of garlic. In later years, Mary could not face even the thought of kangaroo. Rabbits were trapped and the family even ate braised possum.
Some pigs were sold to market, but some were killed for family use. This was during a limited time frame dictated by the rule – never kill a pig during a month that has ‘R’ in it. Some were eaten fresh and some salted. This could be dry salted with lots of salt repeatedly rubbed into the meat and storing it in a bag. The other method was to soak the meat in a brine. A potato was placed in a container of water and salt added until the potato floated. (I never did ask how big the potato was.) The meat was then soaked in the brine.
Frank made a smoking chamber. Two holes were dug in the ground with a connecting trench. A fire was lit in one hole and the connecting trench covered with a sheet of tin. The second hole had a small wooden hut covered in hessian positioned over it. The pig was hung in the hut and gradually smoked with the smouldering fire, stoked as necessary. The essence of a good product was long and slow smoking.
There were some good times. There was an abundance of mushrooms in the early days. They were eaten but the children also picked large amounts and sent them to the markets by train. They raised enough to buy a wind-up gramophone and records. It gave hours of enjoyment.
Daisy’s Treadle Sewing Machine was her pride and joy and had heavy use making the girls’ clothes – one standard pattern in different sizes in the same material. Daisy called it a ‘Maygee’ pattern. It was all one piece of material, the only stitching was around the neck, the sides, and the hem. The children were forbidden to touch the machine …However, when their parents went to Harvey shopping, they would experiment with it on scraps of material. One would stand guard watching for their parents’ return. Any evidence was cleared away.
When the next child, Kevin, was expected and Daisy needed some assistance sewing hems on the flannelette napkins, she never questioned the girls’ expertise then, or when Cyril was expected.
Daisy was a creative person; she painted flowers on canvas, crocheted, knitted socks and had huge enjoyment out of her beautiful flower garden. There had been a wide variety to choose from thanks to her uncle-in-law. She was very family orientated and did not have much time for socialisation.
‘Paris Green’ was an insecticide dust that was used in that era. The dust was puffed onto the plants against unwanted pests. However, it was later found to be very toxic (Copper Acetoarsenite) It was widely used by all, including Daisy.
Neighbours. Cookernup was a close community. Close friendships were made with neighbours and continued with school friends.
The Doug Dicks family were good friends of Daisy. They moved to Scotland but correspondence continued for several years.
Miss Adams and her brother were an older couple who lived nearby who often needed a little assistance. Miss Adams once had a bed bug problem that was common in those days. Mary remembers, with her brother Les, cleaning, scrubbing and pouring hot water into crevices on the bed frame prior to her putting on a new mattress.
Mr Breiddahl was a near neighbour, a bit of a recluse, with a reputation of special powers of healing. Frank visited him one day with Mary asking for help with his bad back. Briendahl proceeded to lay hands on Frank muttering and making throwing motions behind him to draw out the problem and discard it. He did not know Mary was in the direct firing line. He forcefully ordered her away. Mary suffered no ill effect, and it was reported that Frank felt improved.
Trevenens were near neighbours, close friends and the children crossed part of their paddocks on the way to school.
Social Life. During that era most families were large ones and there were usually children and later young people of a corresponding age group for friendships.
Dances were well attended and enjoyed in the old Cookernup Hall. An English couple, George (who had a boot making business in Yarloop) and Violet Wilkes were the dance teachers for the community. They were childless but loved young company.
The girls made their long dance dresses. Jean was not old enough to attend the dance in the photo below. She was not amused she recalled.
From left – Dot, Jean seated, Millie and Mary, circa 1939. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
Jean on the front lawn, circa 1936. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
In that era, it was the norm for the girls of the family to clean, prepare and lay out their brothers’ clothing for them, all ready to step into when going out socially. The children and young adults did not usually get a wage as such, but full board and lodgings and their needs met. The older girls would knit jumpers for the younger ones until they were self-sufficient. The girls would often do house cleaning at some of the more affluent neighbouring homes to get extra cash. Mary would often be sent to her step-grandmother, Ethel Mary McKay to assist.
The girls were close friends with the Jackson, Trevenen and Fowles girls and some girls from Yarloop who attended the regular dances, such as Alice Hill. Transport between houses was by bicycle, horse, or occasionally with their brothers’ motor bikes.
Jean and Mary, late 1930s. Note the number plate H:16 on the motor bike. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
Back from left – Frank, Daisy, Bill, Ern Rice, Les. Front – Dot Celia. Millie, Mary. Kevin & Cyril very front, late 1930s (Photographer Jean) Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
The years go by and Bill marries Celia Smith; Millie marries Ernest Rice; Dot marries Robert Cooke and Mary marries Allen Forrest in 1942.
World War Two
During the war years, there was a concerted effort by all Australians at home to contribute to the war effort. Some men were required at home for essential services and were manpowered.
As required, Jean worked with her friend ‘Puck’ (Margaret) Trevenen in the Land Army. They had a uniform of ‘bib and braces’ Their uniform colour was brown and yellow.
Flax was grown by farmers. The Trevenens next door had a crop. Daisy’s brother, Les McKay from Serpentine come to the district to harvest the crops with his machinery. There was a local flax mill on the South Western Highway between Cookernup and Yarloop. A bus would come from Harvey each day to collect workers for the mill along the route. Cath Coutas from Australind lived at ‘Myrtle Hill’ and worked at the flax mill. She later married Les Craigie. Les was away in the 10th light Horse but was seconded back to ‘Myrtle Hill’ upon Mary’s marriage.
Socialisation continued during the war years. The pictures were held in the Yarloop Hall. Blackouts (no light to be visible from houses or vehicles at night) were in place. Jean would meet some friends on their bicycles, without lights, at the corner of Darwin Street and Riverdale Road, and continue to their entertainment. She would ride alone back to ‘Myrtle Hill’ along parts of the South Western Highway. She recalled that it was surprising how her eyes adjusted to the darkness.
Ration Cards. Below is a Clothing Ration Card that originally contained stamps or coupons. During WWII and afterwards, every Australian man, woman and child were issued with a quota of stamps.
All goods, food, clothing, petrol, etc were rationed as much as possible to keep up the supplies available for the war effort. Depending on what was to be purchased, a designated number of stamps would be required before a purchase was even considered. Only then it became a monetary transaction.
Expectant mothers had difficulty purchasing what was required for the upcoming child. A card for that baby was issued for them only after its birth. The expectant mothers would often borrow stamps from friends and family and pay them back after the birth.
Clothing Ration Cards for Allen Forrest of Cookernup. Photo: © Thelma Kemp
Motor Spirit Ration coupons. The fine print in the midde of the coupon reads ’Valid in all states but not transferable’ and on the bottom, ‘This ticket must be endorsed in ink by consumer with name, licence number and vehicle registration number’. Photo courtesy of John Ward.
Post World War 11
After the war, Jean, worked for a short time in Donnybrook at Pattersons Cannery. A variety of meats and fruit was processed and canned there. She returned to ‘Myrtle Hill’ to work on the farm. Jean was also an enthusiastic gardener and very competent dressmaker. She made all her own clothes and many for her friends. This included brides’ and bridesmaids’ dresses. An example of her work is below.
Bride, Margaret Trevenen with her bridesmaid Jean Craigie. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
Jean was a creative person like her mother. She enjoyed cooking, Daisy used her bread oven but Jean claimed the other oven. Her culinary skills became a legend in the family. Her young brothers were her chief taste testers. See the Heritage Bottled Yeast Recipe at the end of the article.
She was equally at home outdoors, both in the milking shed and with her horse called Sailer. Both she and Mary had a love of horse riding.
Mary, from a young age, would ride a plough horse called Jazzar bare back. It had gained that name due to its disruptive habits of not being a good team player when in harness and there was a need to all pull together. She would ride it as fast as its big footed legs could go. Her Uncle George would say that it would be the end of her one day, as she thundered along.
Jean at the milking shed, late 1940s. Note the two different shapes of milk cans. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
Daisy and her girls, from left – Millie Dot, Daisy, Jean & Mary, Christmas Day, 1948. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
The whole Craigie family – the in-laws and eight grandchildren with the exception of Bob Cook who took the photo, Christmas Day, 1948. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
Jean Craigie’s Wedding Day, 18 August 1951. From left – flower girl Roberta (Bobbie) Cooke, Jean, and Matron of Honnor Nell Trevenen nee Fowles. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
Jean married EC (Johnie) Harley and moved to ‘Warrak’, his farm at McAlinden. The two younger boys remained on the farm together for a time. Cyril joined the WA Police Force about 1958/9 and Kevin remained on the farm.
Daisy remained on the farm until she was almost 80. Her health deteriorated and she entered Elanora Villas Aged Care Home for full-time care. Her last months were enjoyable with a Mrs Stevens as her roommate. During that time, she happily told Mary that Mrs Stevens was the first real girlfriend she had ever had. She passed away peacefully following a CVA (stroke) in 1976. She is buried with Frank at Harvey Cemetery. She had been a widow for 28 years.
Her passing was the end of an era. It was almost a tradition for all the family to gather at ‘Myrtle Hill’ for at least a part of Christmas Day, New Year’s Day and Good Friday. There was always a Christmas gift for each family member. An apron for the women and socks for the men. Very wisely, for the young grandchildren, a bag of mixed raw nuts still in the shell. Cracking all those nuts kept us out of mischief.
Daisy and her boys, from left -Les, Cyril, Bill, and Kevin, circa 1963. Photo: © Thelma Kemp.
The old house has been demolished. The two chimneys remain standing as sentinels to the past. The farm remains in the hands of Frank and Daisy’s decedent.
Brief History of Daisy and Frank’s children
William Francis (Bill) left the farm to work elsewhere early, eventually to marry the daughter of his then mentor, Celia (Ethel May) Smith They lived away. Bill working on roads, forestry, mill, farming and finally lived at Bunbury. Their ashes are in a bush setting at the Bunbury Crematorium.
Amelia Grace (Millie) worked at home and for people locally then married her childhood sweetheart Ernest John Rice. Tragically, she died of a pulmonary embolism after the birth of her third child who had been stillborn. Initially they lived opposite Ern’s parents’ farm on Riverdale Road in a house known as’ Palethorpe’s Place’. At the time of Millie’s death, they were living further west on Riverdale Road at a farm known as ‘Wheelers’. Millie is buried next to her parents in the Harvey Cemetery and Ern is buried in the Cookernup Cemetery near other members of the Rice family.
Mary Ena also worked at home and for people locally, often the McCann family. This family obviously had a stable income, had a large car, and could afford hired help. Mary often was called to work for ‘Grandmother McKay’ (her step-grandmother) at Serpentine. She later married Allen Forrest and continued to live locally on a small farmlet (which didn’t have a name) in the house next to the Anglican Church for many years until she moved to Bunbury in 1972. Allen died in 1970 and Mary in 2014. She had been a widow 44 years. Allen is buried in the old Bunbury Cemetery and Mary in the Bunbury Lawn Cemetery.
Dorothy Emma (Dot) worked at home and locally then married Robert (Bob) Cooke. Bob had Polio as a young teenager and walked with a limp. He was a carpenter by trade and a very clever inventive man. They lived in Bunbury. Dot worked for many years as the seamstress at the District Hospital then Regional Hospital. Their ashes are in the gardens of the Bunbury Crematorium.
Leslie Raymond Andrew (Les) worked away but came home from ‘The 10th Light Horse’ to the farm on Mary’s marriage. He later married Cathy Coutas. He worked on farms locally for the Holthouse family at Harvey, then on his brother-in-law, Ern Rice’s many properties and finally at the Harvey Agricultural School. They are both buried in the Harvey Lawn cemetery.
Violet Jean (Jean) moved to ‘Warak,’ a sheep and cropping farm at McAlinden, near Noggerup after her marriage to Johnie Harley. They moved to Eaton in 1983 prior to Johnnie’s death in 1990. She remained at home until 2021 and passed away following a CVA (stroke) in 2022 aged 98 years. She had been widowed for 32 years. They are both buried in the Bunbury Lawn cemetery.
Lionel Kevin (Kevin) remained farming at the ‘Myrtle Hill’ property apart from a period working for the Main Roads Department and doing National Service. He married Lorraine Hillman. He is buried at the Harvey Lawn Cemetery. Lorraine remains at ‘Myrtle Hill.’
Cyril Frederick worked on the farm then trained as a Police Officer. He married Margaret Murphy, had a stock transport business and farms in the Busselton area. He remarried to Mary McGregor and lived on a farm at Busselton. He passed away in 2025 in Busselton aged 89 years. Mary remains in Busselton.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Heritage Bottled Yeast Recipe
3 to 4 heads of hops
Small potato (skin on)
Half teaspoon sugar
Water to cover in small saucepan
Simmer until potato is soft
Discard Hops and remove skin, then mash potato & push through a sieve.
Add plain flour (enough to make thin paste) do not worry about a few lumps)
Mix and pour into yeast bottle.
Lightly Cork and store. Avoid extremes of heat or cold
The fermenting yeast will force the cork loose or at times out of the bottle. The yeast will be then ready for use
The yeast bottle will gradually become coated with the liquid inside. It will look rather unhygienic. Do not wash it out. Always leave some of the yeasty liquid in the bottle after use and make another batch as above. The older the bottle is, the more efficient will be the yeast.
………………………………………………………………………….